DERIVATION RULES FOR NOUNS

 

Derivation rules from Latin for nouns

To obtain a given Eurizian noun, we look up the corresponding Latin noun in the English-Latin dictionary. In the Latin dictionary, nouns are indicated by giving the Latin noun in nominative case in full (other than the Eurizian nominative) followed by the final ending of the genitive and the gender (masculine, feminine or neuter abbreviated (m. for masculine, f. for feminine and n. for neuter). Example: if we look up “rose” in the dictionary, we find: rosa, ae, f. where rosa is the nominative, rosae the genitive and f. stands for feminine. What is of interest for the purposes of derivation is the genitive that identifies the Latin declension. In the case of the example, we are interested in the genitive rosae which tells us that the noun belongs to the Latin first declension. In general, the five cases described below can therefore occur.

1) The noun belongs to the Latin first declension (genitive in -ae).  we remove -ae from the singular genitive case and we put -a as a termination; thus we obtain an Eurizian noun of the first group (termination in -a).

Example: Eglish  rose -> in the English-Latin dictionary we find rosa, ae f. . From the Latin genitive rosae, removing the ending in -ae gives the root ros-. If we add the ending -a, we obtain the Eurizian singular noun rosa. Since Eurizian grammar stipulates that the names of plants and flowers are always feminine, the gender in this case of the Eurizian noun will be feminine. In conclusion, in the Eurizian vocabulary we would find: rosa, f.

2) The noun belongs to the Latin second declension (genitive in -i). We remove -i from the singular genitive and we put -o as the ending; we thus obtain an Eurizian noun of the second group (termination  in -o).

Example: English wolf -> in the English-Latin dictionary we find lupus, i m. . From the Latin genitive lupi, removing the ending in -i gives the root lup-. Adding the ending -o gives the Eurizian singular noun lupo. Since Eurizian grammar stipulates that nouns of masculine animals are always masculine, the gender of the noun wolf in Eurizian will be masculine. In conclusion, in the Eurizian vocabulary we would find: lupo, m.

3) The noun belongs to the Latin third declension (genitive in -is). We remove - is from the singular genitive and we put -e as the ending; we thus obtain an Eurizian noun of the third group (termination in -e).

Example: English heart -> in the English-Latin dictionary we find cor, cordis n. . From the Latin genitive cordis, removing the ending in -is gives the root cord-. Adding the ending -e gives the Eurizian singular noun corde. Since Eurizian grammar stipulates that nouns of objects are always neuter, the gender of the noun corde in Eurizian will be neuter. In conclusion, in the Eurizian vocabulary we would find: corde, n.

4) The noun belongs to the Latin fourth declension (genitive in -us). We remove -us from the singular genitive and put -o as the ending; we thus obtain an Eurizian noun of the second group (termination in -o).

Example: English  fruit -> in the Enlish-Latin dictionary we find fructus, us m. . From the Latin genitive fructus by removing the ending in -us we obtain the root fruct-. If we add the ending -o we obtain the Eurizian singular noun fructo. Since Eurizian grammar stipulates that nouns of objects are always neuter, the gender of the noun fructo in Eurizian will be neuter. In conclusion, in the Eurizian vocabulary we would find: fructo, n.

5) The noun belongs to the Latin fifth declension (genitive in -ei). We remove - ei from the singular genitive and put -e as the ending; we thus obtain an Eurizian noun of the third group (termination  in -e).

Example: English day -> in the English-Latin dictionary we find dies, ei m. . From the Latin genitive diei, removing the ending in -ei gives the root di-. Adding the ending -e gives the Eurizian singular noun die. Since Eurizian grammar dictates that nouns of objects are always neuter, the gender of the noun die in Eurizian will be neuter. In conclusion, in the Eurizian vocabulary we would find: die, n.

 

Derivation from compound Latin nouns

In the case of compound Latin nouns, the corresponding Eurizian noun is obtained in the following way:

1) We consider the two original words joined together;

2) We consider the word obtained from the union as belonging to the latin declension of the second word,

3) The rules of noun derivation are applied to the noun obtained in step 2.

 

Examples:

ius iurandum (Latin) -> iusiurando (Eurizian). Meaning: oath;

ros marinus (Latin) -> rosmarino (Eurizian). Meaning: rosemary;

agri cultura (Latin) -> agricultura (Eurizian). Meaning: agriculture;

aquae ductus (Latin) -> aquaedocto (Eurizian). Meaning: aqueduct;

terrae motus (Latin) -> terraemoto (Eurizian). Meaning: earthquake.

 

Derivation from indeclinable Latin nouns

The noun instar, indeclinable in Latin, is used in Eurizian as a translation of the expression 'in the guise of', 'in the likeness of', always followed by the noun: instar armam -> in the guise of a weapon.

The indeclinable Latin noun mane (morning), in Eurizian becomes mane, (mane, manes) with the same meaning: morning;

the Latin indeclinable nouns pessum and venum pass unchanged into Eurizian solely as translations of the expressions 'in ruin' -> in Eurizian “in pessum” and 'for sale' -> in Eurizian “in venum”; “ire in pessum” -> to go to ruin.

Other Latin indeclinable or defective nouns, apart from those discussed in this paragraph, are not considered.

 

B.2.2 Particular nouns derived from Latin

 

For nouns that in Latin have only the plural (pluralia tantum), the singular form is also used in Eurizian:

- wealth: (Latin) divitiae, divitiarum -> (Eurizian) divitia

- Athens: (Latin) Athenae, Athenarum -> (Eurizian) Athena

-  delight: (Latin) deliciae, deliciarum -> (Eurizian) delicia

- truce: (Latin) indutiae, indutiarum -> (Eurizian) indutia

-  snare: (Latin) insidiae, insidiarum -> (Eurizian) insidia

- threat: (Latin) minae, minarum -> (Eurizian) mina

- wedding: (Latin) nuptiae, nuptiarum -> (Eurizian) nuptia

 

Unlike Latin, in Eurizian there are no terms that take on a different meaning depending on whether they are used in the singular or plural form. That is why in Eurizian “abundance” is translated as follows:

copia (singular); copias  (plural).

 

The noun troop is translated as follows:

turma (singular); turmas (plural).

 

In Eurizian letter of the alphabet is translated as follows:

littera (singular), litteras (plural).

 

The noun literature is translated as:

litteratura (singular), litteraturas (plural).

 

The noun vigil is translated as:

vigilia (singular), vigilias (plural).

 

The noun sentinel is translated as:

excubitore (singular), excubitores (plural).

 

In Eurizian, the term viscus also has the singular and is translated as:

exto (singular), extos (plural).

 

The only term that in Eurizian takes on a different meaning depending on whether it is used in the singular or plural form is the noun “good”. In fact, the good is translated as:

bono: the good;  while goods understood as substances, riches, are translated as:

bonos: goods, substances;

 

In contrast to Latin, in Eurizian we also have that:

the castle is translated as: castro ( sing), castros (plu).

 

 Camp is translated as: castra (sing.) castras (plu).

 Aid, help is translated as: auxilio ( sing), auxilios (plu).

   

 Auxiliary troop is translated as auxiliari agmine (sing),  auxiliari agmines (plu).

 

English noun virus (pathogenic agent) is translated in Eurizian by virio (sing.), virios ( plural). Due to the principle of disambiguity, the Latin term virus should not be considered so as not to create confusion with vir, viri (man).

 

Man (human being of the male gender) is translated as: viro (sing), viros (plu), whereas man, understood as an individual belonging to the human species (male or female), is translated as homine (sing.), homines (plu) of neutral gender.

 

The English word force, power, strenght (lat. vis, roboris) is translated as vire in the singular and vires in the plural.

 

City walls in Eurizian have singular and plural: moene: (singular) ; moenes: (plural)

in the singular is used to indicate a section of wall; in the plural, it is used to indicate all the walls of the city.

 

Alps is also used in Eurizian in the plural only: Alpes: the Alps.

Unlike in Latin, in Eurizian we have that:

 

English prison translates as: carcere (sing); carceres ( plu)

English gate is translated by: cancello (sing), cancellos (plu)

English End (final outcome) is translated by: fine (sing.), fines ( plu)

English border: confino (sing.), confinos (plu).

 

In order to avoid ambiguity with the derivation from the Latin word mare, maris (sea) male noun term is translated into Eurizian as masko (sing), maskos ( plu). 

Republic is translated as respublica (sing.), respublicas (plu.) ;

State (as institution) is translated by stato (sing.), statos (plu.).

Rules for deriving nouns from Esperanto

 

Nouns that were produced by the evolution of civilisation after classical Roman times and therefore do not exist in Latin are obtained in Eurizian from the corresponding noun Esperanto. Thus, if the corresponding noun is not found in the English-Latin vocabulary, the English-Esperanto vocabulary is considered and the following procedure is applied.

We consider the noun Esperanto transliterated in the Eurizian alphabet according to the following transformation rules: